citalopram (Celexa)

How long the trials actually ran

The longest trial behind the citalopram approval ran 6 weeks.

The gap between how long the trials ran and how long people actually take these medications is the single most important thing on this page. It is not evidence that longer use is unsafe or ineffective. It is evidence that longer use was not what got tested.

How many Americans take citalopram

Survey-based federal estimates, published with a lag of about two years. They count prescriptions filled, not outcomes.

12,500,214

prescriptions in the United States (2024)

2,876,645

people filling them (2024)

Prescriptions are down 58% since 2014. Whatever you decide about citalopram, you are deciding alongside about 2,876,645 other people this year.

Source: ClinCalc DrugStats (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), CC BY-SA 4.0, release 2026.08.

What people report to the FDA about citalopram

106,559

reports mentioning citalopram, all time

87,468

filed as serious (a report-level flag covering every drug and outcome in the report)

Source: FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), via openFDA, data through 2026-07-30.

Known interactions, from the label

The FDA label’s interactions section, verbatim. A pharmacist checking your actual medication list beats any published list — including this one.

FDA label for citalopram, effective August 27, 2026 — DailyMed.

Who pays for citalopram

Two claims datasets and one survey, covering different populations with different instruments — they cannot be reconciled by arithmetic, and where their sum crowds the all-payer estimate, that is a finding about the estimates rather than a percentage.

Medicare Part D

Read the under-65 group correctly before the numbers: Medicare before 65 means the disabled and dual-eligible population — among the sickest, highest-need people in the program — and reading their utilization as typical adult use would be a category error. The beneficiary total sums brand-level rows, so treat it as an upper bound on distinct people. 1,422,360 beneficiaries filled 6,743,311 claims in 2024 — 1,227,120 aged 65 and over, and 195,240 under 65.

Medicaid

At least 2,096,752 prescriptions in 2024 — a floor, because 139 of 518 national data rows are suppressed for privacy and contribute zero. Medicaid covers more children than any insurer in the country and publishes no age split — how much of this number is pediatric use is not knowable from public data.

All payers (survey estimate)

The MEPS-based estimate above puts the whole country at 12,500,214 prescriptions and 2,876,645 people in 2024. Subtracting the public programs from it would produce a number for everyone else — and we do not print that number, because subtracting a survey from claims counts manufactures precision that does not exist.

The population nobody counts

The commercially insured working-age adult — statistically, the likeliest person to be reading this page — is the one population with no public per-drug count anywhere. Private claims data exists and is sold, but nothing a patient can check is published. For children the record is thinner still: no public source counts pediatric use of citalopram specifically; the closest the public record comes is condition-level treatment rates for children, which we have traced for one condition in how childhood ADHD got counted.

Sources: Medicare Part D Prescribers — by Geography and Drug, data.cms.gov, National rows, data year 2024 (published with ~17-month lag). Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data 2024, data.medicaid.gov, national aggregate rows. Retrieved 2026-09-01.

The approval, step by step

1. Step 1

   What the approval was actually based on

   Which studies did the FDA rely on, how long did they run, and who was in them?

   The efficacy of CELEXA as a treatment for major depressive disorder was established in two placebo-controlled studies (of 4 to 6 weeks duration) in adult outpatients (ages 18-66) meeting DSM-III or DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) (Studies 1 and 2)... In three additional placebo-controlled trials in patients with MDD, the difference in response to treatment between patients receiving CELEXA and patients receiving placebo was not statistically significant.

   FDA-approved labelling, 14 CLINICAL STUDIES — read the label on DailyMed

   Our reading

   Five trials were run. Two worked and three did not, and the FDA made the label say so. That sentence is the single most valuable thing on this page and you will not find its equivalent in a journal article, because journals largely do not publish the trials that failed. It is also worth knowing that the winning trial showed no clear effect at 10 mg or 20 mg — the doses most people are actually prescribed — and that the 60 mg dose was no better than 40 mg. In 2011 the FDA capped the dose at 40 mg over a QT-interval risk found thirteen years after approval.

2. Step 2

   The approval

   When was it approved, under what application, and by whose review?

   Approved

   July 17, 1998

   Application

   NDA020822

   Review

   STANDARD

   Original sponsor

   Forest Laboratories (now AbbVie)

   Holds it now

   AbbVie

   Label submissions since

   34

   Source: openFDA Drugs@FDA, original application ORIG-1

3. Step 3

   What was added after it was on the market

   Which warnings arrived only after millions of people were already taking it?

   • PRAC recommendations on signals adopted at the 13-16 May 2019 PRAC meeting, section 1.3: SNRIs and SSRIs - persistent…

     21 years after approval

     On 16 May 2019 the EU drug regulator's safety committee ordered every manufacturer of citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, and milnacipran to add this warning within two months: "There have been reports of long-lasting sexual dysfunction where the symptoms have continued despite discontinuation of SSRIs/SNRI." The patient leaflet wording is "In some cases, these symptoms have continued after stopping treatment." This is a regulator acting on case reports and pharmacovigilance data, not a prevalence study — how often it happens is still unknown, and that uncertainty cuts both ways.

     Worth asking

     European regulators require a label warning that sexual side effects can persist after stopping an SSRI or SNRI — how would you and I tell that apart from the depression itself if it happened to me?

     PRAC recommendations on signals adopted at the 13-16 May 2019 PRAC meeting, section 1.3: SNRIs and SSRIs - persistent sexual dysfunction after drug withdrawal (EMA/PRAC/265212/2019). — Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC), European Medicines Agency. Rapporteur: Gross-Martirosyan L. (2019)

   • The antidepressant suicidality warning has an age ceiling most people never hear about

     Antidepressants carry a boxed warning about suicidal thoughts and behaviour in children, adolescents and young adults. It came from pooling 24 short-term placebo-controlled trials of nine antidepressants in more than 4,400 young patients: suicidality was reported in about 4% on drug against 2% on placebo. There were no completed suicides in those trials.

     The part that usually gets lost is the age boundary, which is in the label itself. The studies did not show an increased risk above age 24, and in patients 65 and older the risk went in the other direction — it was reduced. The warning is real and it is specific, not a blanket statement about everyone who takes one.

     Worth asking

     Given my age, which side of that line am I on, what specifically should I or the people around me watch for in the first two months, and who do I call if it happens.

     PROZAC (fluoxetine) prescribing information — Boxed Warning: Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors — U.S. Food and Drug Administration (approved labelling)

4. Step 4

   What independent research has found since

   What has been learned by people who were not selling it?

   • Withdrawal from these medications can take months, and NICE says so

     24 years after approval

     NICE guideline NG215 covers safe prescribing and managed withdrawal for five groups of medication: opioids, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, Z-drugs and antidepressants. It is the closest thing there is to an official answer on how coming off actually goes.

     It states that withdrawal can be difficult and may take several months or more, that symptoms vary widely in type and severity, that they affect both physical and mental health, and that they can be delayed in onset and can persist. Two recommendations are worth quoting to a prescriber. Do not stop a medicine abruptly except in exceptional medical circumstances. And taper using a slow, stepwise reduction proportionate to the current dose, so the decrements get smaller as the dose gets lower — not a fixed cut each time.

     That last detail is the one most commonly missed. Gabapentinoids are the exception in the guideline and are reduced by a fixed amount at each step.

     Worth asking

     Can we write the taper down, what size are the steps near the end, and how long do I hold at each step before the next reduction.

     Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults (NG215) — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2022)

   • In 2019 the Royal College of Psychiatrists changed its position on withdrawal

     21 years after approval

     For years people reporting long, severe antidepressant withdrawal were told it lasted a week or two. In May 2019 the Royal College of Psychiatrists published a position statement conceding the point: while withdrawal symptoms are often mild and self-limiting, there is substantial variation, and for some patients symptoms last much longer and are more severe.

     It went further and asked for changes — that guidelines and patient information recognise the potential for severe and long-lasting withdrawal, that pharmacologically-informed tapering guidance be developed, that discontinuation be tapered at a rate the patient can tolerate over potentially several months, and that clinicians actively work to tell withdrawal apart from relapse.

     One thing it explicitly does not say, and it is worth being accurate about: the College states that from a clinical perspective antidepressant use is not associated with dependence in the addiction sense. Withdrawal and dependence are not the same claim.

     Worth asking

     If I feel bad three weeks after a dose reduction, how will we decide whether that is withdrawal or my depression returning, and what do we do differently in each case.

     Position statement on antidepressants and depression (PS04/19) — Royal College of Psychiatrists (2019)

   • Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis.

     11 years after approval

     When sexual function is actually asked about with a questionnaire rather than waited for as a spontaneous complaint, treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction ranged from 25.8% to 80.3% of patients across antidepressants, all significantly above placebo. In descending order of impact the drugs were sertraline, venlafaxine, citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, imipramine, phenelzine, duloxetine, escitalopram, and fluvoxamine. Agomelatine, amineptine, bupropion, moclobemide, mirtazapine, and nefazodone showed no significant difference from placebo.

     Worth asking

     Where does the antidepressant I'm on sit on the sexual side-effect ranking, and is there a drug with a lower rate that would still treat my condition?

     Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. — Serretti A, Chiesa A. (2009)

5. Step 5

   What still is not known

   Which questions you might reasonably have has nobody answered yet?

   • Three of five registration trials failed. Two positive trials was the standard for approval — is it your standard?
   • The trial showed no clear effect at 10 mg or 20 mg daily. If that is your dose, which part of the evidence covers it?
   • The maximum dose was cut from 60 mg to 40 mg in 2011 on cardiac grounds. The trial that established efficacy used doses that are now above the limit.